Identification

Description


Numéro UN : UN1294

Formule moléculaire brute : C7H8

Principaux synonymes

Noms français :

  • Benzène, méthyl-
  • Méthane, phényl-
  • Méthyl-benzène
  • Méthylbenzol
  • Méthylbenzène
  • Phénylméthane
  • Toluène

Noms anglais :

  • Toluene
  • Toluol
Famille chimique
  • Hydrocarbure aromatique
Commentaires

Actuellement, le toluène est généralement obtenu par reformation catalytique des naphtas dont la fraction prépondérante contient des hydrocarbures possédant 6 à 9 carbones. Lors de sa production, il est toujours obtenu simultanément avec du benzène, des xylènes et d'autres hydrocarbures aromatiques possédant 9 carbones. La séparation des constituants du mélange obtenu est effectuée par fractionnement.
Il a été estimé qu'environ 85 à 90 % du toluène brut ainsi produit aux États-Unis n'était pas séparé, mais utilisé tel quel.

  • Le toluène brut peut contenir exceptionnellement jusqu'à 25 % de benzène.
  • Le toluène de qualité commerciale peut aussi contenir de très faibles quantités d'hydrocarbures polycycliques aromatiques (HPA), notamment le pyrène, le fluoranthène et le benzo[ghi]pérylène.
  • Le toluène hautement purifié contient moins de 0,01 % de benzène.

Utilisation et sources d'émission 1 2 3 4

Le toluène est utilisé comme :

  • solvant pour : peintures, vernis, caoutchouc, cellulose éthylique, polystyrène, alcool polyvinylique, encres d'imprimerie, graisses, cires, résines époxy ou époxydiques et autres résines, etc.
  • matière première pour la fabrication de nombreux produits chimiques tels que : benzène, acide benzoïque, phénol, benzaldéhyde, diisocyanate de toluène (TDI), colorants, explosifs (particulièrement le TNT), produits pharmaceutiques (comme l'aspirine®), adhésifs, détergents, caprolactame (fabrication de fibres), saccharine, agents de saveurs et parfums.

Il se retrouve comme constituant de l'essence et des carburants d'avions à des concentrations allant de 5 à 20 % par volume. Il est aussi présent dans plusieurs naphtas et autres produits pétroliers.

Par ailleurs, les activités de la vie quotidienne peuvent aussi contribuer, en faible proportion toutefois, à la dose absorbée de toluène.

  • l'air intérieur, 8 ppb (inhalation 20 m³/jour, absorption 50 %) représente une dose 300 µg/jour
  • la fumée de cigarettes (une cigarette produit 80-100 µg de toluène), un paquet par jour représente environ 1 000 µg/jour
  • l'eau potable et la nourriture contribue de façon infime : eau potable 0,3-0,5 µg/jour, pas de donnée pour la nourriture

Les niveaux de toluène dans l'air extérieur peuvent varier selon l'endroit, ils sont faibles dans les milieux ruraux et de l'ordre de 1,3 - 6,6 ppb dans les milieux urbains.

Références

  • ▲1.  Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Toxicological profile for Toluene. Atlanta, GA : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2017).   https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/
    https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp56.pdf
  • ▲1.  Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Toxicological profile for Toluene. Atlanta, GA : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2017).   https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/
    https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp56.pdf
  • ▲2.  Verschueren, K., Handbook of environmental data on organic chemicals. 3rd ed. Toronto : Van Nostrand Reinhold. (1996). [RS-415005]
  • ▲3.  Royal Society of Chemistry (Grande-Bretagne), Chemical safety data sheets. Volume 1: Solvents. Nottingham, Angleterre : The Royal Society of Chemistry. (1988). [RM-515064]
  • ▲3.  Royal Society of Chemistry (Grande-Bretagne), Chemical safety data sheets. Volume 1: Solvents. Nottingham, Angleterre : The Royal Society of Chemistry. (1988). [RM-515064]
  • ▲4.  IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Some organic solvents, resin monomers and related compounds, pigments and occupational exposures in paint manufacture and painting. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, Vol. 47. Lyon : International Agency for Research on Cancer. (1989).   https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono47.pdf
    http://www.iarc.fr
  • ▲4.  IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Some organic solvents, resin monomers and related compounds, pigments and occupational exposures in paint manufacture and painting. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, Vol. 47. Lyon : International Agency for Research on Cancer. (1989).   https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono47.pdf
    http://www.iarc.fr
  • ▲4.  IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Some organic solvents, resin monomers and related compounds, pigments and occupational exposures in paint manufacture and painting. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, Vol. 47. Lyon : International Agency for Research on Cancer. (1989).   https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono47.pdf
    http://www.iarc.fr
  • ▲5.  Bohnet, M. et al., Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 7th. Wiley InterScience (John Wiley & Sons). (2003-).   http://www3.interscience.wiley.com (http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/mrwhome/104554801/HOME)
  • ▲6.  Pohanish, R.P. et Greene, S.A., Hazardous materials handbook. New York (NY) : Van Nostrand Reinhold. (1996). [RR-515125]
  • ▲7.  O'Neil, M.J. et al., The Merck Index : an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, & biologicals. 15e éd. Cambridge, G.-B. : Royal Society of Chemistry. (2013). [RM-403001]   https://www.rsc.org/Merck-Index/
  • ▲8.  Cairelli, S.G., Ludwig, H.R. et Whalen, J.J., Documentation for immediately dangerous to life or health concentrations (IDLHS). Cincinnati (OH) : NIOSH. (1994). PB-94-195047. [RM-515102]   http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/intridl4.html
  • ▲9.  Sax's dangerous properties of industrial materials. 11th ed. Hoboken, N.J. : John Wiley & Sons. (2004-). [RR-014005 ]   Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials | Major Reference Works (wiley.com)
  • ▲10.  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, «Toluene.» In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices / Documentation of TLV's and BEI's. Cincinnati, Ohio : ACGIH. (2007). Publication #0100Doc.   http://www.acgih.org
  • ▲10.  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, «Toluene.» In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices / Documentation of TLV's and BEI's. Cincinnati, Ohio : ACGIH. (2007). Publication #0100Doc.   http://www.acgih.org
  • ▲11.  Rumble J. R., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 2021-2022. 102nd ed. Boca Raton (FL) : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group. (2021).   https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/faces/contents/ContentsSearch.xhtml
  • ▲12.  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH pocket guide to chemical hazards. 3 ed. Cincinnati, Ohio : NIOSH. (2007). [RM-514001]   https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/default.html
  • ▲13.  Amoore, J.E. et Hautala, E, «Odor as an aid to chemical safety : odor thresholds compared with threshold limit values and volatilities for 214 industrial chemicals in air and water dilution.» Journal of applied toxicology. Vol. 3, no. 6, p. 272-290 . (1983). [AP-004533 ]   https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/Vespiary/talk/files/6142-Odor-as-an-aid-to-chemical-safety-Odor-thresholds-compared-with-threshold-limit-values-and-volatilities-for-214-industrial-chemicals-in-air-and-water-dilution.0a46.pdf
  • ▲14.  Handbook of organic industrial solvents. 6th ed. Chicago : Alliance of American Insurers. (1987). [RT-435005]
  • ▲15.  Lenga, R.E. et Votoupal, K.L., The Sigma-Aldrich library of regulatory and safety data. Vol. 1. Milwaukee : Sigma-Aldrich. (1993). [RM-515040]
  • ▲16.  National Fire Protection Association, Fire protection guide to hazardous materials. 14th ed. Quincy, Mass. : NFPA. (2010). [RR-334001]
  • ▲17.  National Fire Protection Association, Fire protection guide to hazardous materials. 13th ed. Quincy, Mass. : NFPA. (2002). [RR-334001]
  • ▲18.  Transports Canada, Sécurité et Sûreté, Guide des mesures d'urgence. Washington (D.C.) : Direction générale du transport des matières dangereuses. (2004). [RR-775004]   http://www.tc.gc.ca/canutec/fr/guide/guide.htm
  • ▲19.  Drolet, D. et Beauchamp, G, Guide d'échantillonnage des contaminants de l'air en milieu de travail. Études et recherches / Guide technique, 8ème éd. revue et mise à jour. Montréal : IRSST. (2012). T-06. [MO-220007]   http://www.irsst.qc.ca
    https://www.irsst.qc.ca/publications-et-outils/publication/i/384/n/guide-d-echantillonnage-des-contaminants-de-l-air-en-milieu-de-travail
  • ▲20.  Truchon, G., Guide de surveillance biologique : prélèvement et interprétation des résultats. Études et recherches / IRSST, 5ème éd. Montréal : IRSST. (1999). T-03.   http://www.irsst.qc.ca http://www.irsst.qc.ca/media/documents/pubirsst/t-03.pdf
  • ▲20.  Truchon, G., Guide de surveillance biologique : prélèvement et interprétation des résultats. Études et recherches / IRSST, 5ème éd. Montréal : IRSST. (1999). T-03.   http://www.irsst.qc.ca http://www.irsst.qc.ca/media/documents/pubirsst/t-03.pdf
  • ▲21.  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Documentation of the biological exposure indices. 7th ed. Cincinnati, Ohio : ACGIH. (2001-). Publication #0100Doc. [RM-514008]   http://www.acgih.org
  • ▲22.  Truchon, G., La surveillance biologique de l'exposition au toluène : acide hippurique ou o-crésol urinaires ? . Montréal : IRSST. (2004).   http://www.irsst.qc.ca
  • ▲23.  Grande-Bretagne. Health and safety executive, Seven steps to successful substitution of hazardous substances. London : HMSO. (1994). [MO-017321]
  • ▲24.  Filskov, P. et al., Substitutes for hazardous chemicals in the workplace. Boca Raton : CRC Press. (1996). [MO-020398]
  • ▲25.  Gérin, M. et al., Substitution des solvants en milieu de travail : élaboration d'un outil pour l'intervention. Études et recherches / IRSST. Montréal : IRSST. (1995). R-098.   http://www.irsst.qc.ca/media/documents/PubIRSST/R-098.pdf
    www.irsst.qc.ca
  • ▲26.  Bégin, Denis et Gérin, Michel, Substitution de solvants. Études de cas d'implantation . Etudes et recherches. IRSST. (2001). R-269.   http://www.irsst.qc.ca/files/documents/PubIRSST/R-269.pdf
  • ▲27.  American Industrial Hygiene Association, Odor thresholds for chemicals with established occupational health standards. Akron, OH : AIHA. (1989). [MO-129289]
  • ▲28.  Règlement sur la santé et la sécurité du travail [S-2.1, r. 13]. Québec : Éditeur officiel du Québec. [RJ-510071]   http://legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/fr/ShowDoc/cr/S-2.1,%20r.%2013
  • ▲34.  Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry, Draft Toxicological profil for Toluene Diisocyanate and Methylenediphenyl Diisocyanate . Atlanta, GA : ATSDR. (2015).   http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp.asp?id=412&tid=72
    https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp206.pdf
  • ▲35.  Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques (INERIS), Fiche de données toxicologiques et environnementales des substances chimiques. Toluène. (2016). INERIS–DRC-10-109974-00936B.doc.   http://www.ineris.fr/substances/fr/substance/getDocument/2852
  • ▲36.  Östergaard, G., The Nordic Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals. 125. Toluene. Arbete och Hälsa , Vol. 19. Solna, Suède : Arbetslivinstitutet. (2000).   https://gupea.ub.gu.se/dspace/handle/2077/3194?locale=en
  • ▲37.  Ameno, Kiyoshi, Kiriu, Takahiro et Fuke, Chiaki, «Regional brain distribution of toluene in rats and in a human autopsy.» Archives of Toxicology. Vol. 66, p. 153-156. (1992). [AP-037085]
  • ▲38.  Lauwerys, R.R. et Hoet, P., Industrial Chemical Exposure : guidelines for biological monitoring. 3ème éd. Florida : Lewis Publishers. (2001). [MO-003519]
  • ▲39.  Nadeau, V. et al., «Effect of physical exertion on the biological monitoring of exposure of various solvents following exposure by inhalation in human volunteers: I. Toluene.» Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. Vol. 3, p. 481-489. (2006).
  • ▲40.  ECHA (European Chemicals Agency) , Information on chemicals (REACH)/ECHA chemicals database. Helsinki, Finland.   http://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/registered-substances
    https://chem.echa.europa.eu/
  • ▲41.  Centre canadien d'hygiène et de sécurité au travail, CHEMINFO, Hamilton, Ont. : Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety   http://ccinfoweb.ccohs.ca/cheminfo/search.html
  • ▲41.  Centre canadien d'hygiène et de sécurité au travail, CHEMINFO, Hamilton, Ont. : Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety   http://ccinfoweb.ccohs.ca/cheminfo/search.html
  • ▲42.  Centre d'écologie et de toxicologie de l'industrie chimique européenne, Eye irritation reference chemicals data bank. Technical report / ECETOC; 48(2), 2nd ed. Bruxelles : ECETOC. (1998).   http://www.ecetoc.org/publication/tr-048-eye-irritation-reference-chemicals-data-bank-second-edition/
    http://www.ecetoc.org/technical-reports
  • ▲43.  Smyth, H.F., Carpenter, C.P. et Weil, C.S., «Range-Finding Toxicity Data : List VII.» American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. Vol. 30, no. 5, p. 470-476. (1969). [AP-000464]
  • ▲44.  Guillot, J.P., Clement, C. et Gonnet, J.F., «Evaluation of the cutaneous-irritation potential of 56 compounds.» Food and Chemical Toxicology. Vol. 20, no. 5, p. 563-572. (1982). [AP-000740]
  • ▲45.  Bureau européen des substances chimiques, European Union Risk Assessment Report : Toluene. 2nd Priority List, Vol. 30. Luxembourg : Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. (2003). EUR 20539 EN.   http://ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/esis/
    http://ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/Existing-Chemicals/RISK_ASSESSMENT/REPORT/toluenereport032.pdf
  • ▲46.  Bingham, E., Cohrssen, B. et Powell, C.H., Patty's toxicology. A Wiley-Interscience publication. New York (Toronto) : John Wiley. (2001-). [RM-214008]   http://www3.interscience.wiley.com (http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/mrwhome/104554795/HOME)
  • ▲47.  Grant, W.M. et Schuman, J.S., Toxicology of the eye : effects on the eyes and visual systems from chemicals, drugs, metals and minerals, plants, toxins and venoms; also, systemic side effects from eye medications. Vol. 2, 4éme éd. Springfield, ILL : Charles C. Thomas. (1993). [RM-515030]
  • ▲48.  Lauwerys, R. et al., Toxicologie industrielle et intoxications professionnelles. 5ème éd. Issy-les-Moulineaux Cedex : Elsevier Masson SAS. (2007). [RM-514015]
  • ▲49.  Criteria Group for Occupationnal Standards, «Scientific Basis for Swedish Occupational Standards XXIII : Consensus Report forToluene.» Arbete och Hälsa. , p. 34-55. (2002). NR 2002:19.   http://www.inchem.org/documents/kemi/kemi/ah2002_19.pdf
  • ▲50.  France. Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, Fiche toxicologique no 74 : Toluène. Cahiers de notes documentaires. Paris : INRS. (2012). [RE-005509]   http://www.inrs.fr/publications/bdd/fichetox.html
    http://www.inrs.fr/publications/bdd/fichetox/fiche.html?refINRS=FICHETOX_74
  • ▲51.  Meulenbelt,J, De Groot, G et Savelkoul, TJ F , «Two cases of acute toluene intoxication.» British Journal of Industrial Medicine. Vol. 47, p. 417-420. (1990). [AP-028153]
  • ▲52.  Vyskocil, A., Leroux, T. et Truchon, G., Substances chimiques et effets sur l'audition - Revue de la littérature. Études et recherches / Rapport. Montréal : IRSST. (2009). R-604.   www.irsst.qc.ca http://www.irsst.qc.ca/media/documents/PubIRSST/R-604.pdf
  • ▲53.  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Kommission zur Prüfung Gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe, Occupational toxicants : critical data evaluation for MAK values and classification of carcinogens. Weinheim; New York : VCH. (1991-). [MO-020680]   www.wiley-vch.de
    www.mak-collection.com
    http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1002/3527600418/topics
  • ▲54.  Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Toxicological profile for toluene. Atlanta, GA : ATSDR. (2000). [MO-016492]   http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/
    http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp56.pdf
  • ▲54.  Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Toxicological profile for toluene. Atlanta, GA : ATSDR. (2000). [MO-016492]   http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/
    http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp56.pdf
  • ▲55.  Swedish National Chemicals Inspectorate, Effects on reproduction of styrene, toluene and xylene. KEMI report, Vol. 2/90. Solna, Sweden : Swedish National Chemicals Inspectorate. (1990). [MO-019153]
  • ▲56.  Frazier, L.M. et Hage, M.L., Reproductive hazards of the workplace. New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold. (1998). [MO-020035]
  • ▲57.  Bukowski, J. A., «Review on the epidemiological evidence relating toluene to reproductive outcomes.» Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. Vol. 33, no. 2, p. 147-156. (2001).
  • ▲58.  Wilkins-Haug, L., «Teratogen update : toluene.» Teratology. Vol. 55, p. 145-151. (1997). [AP-051737]
  • ▲59.  Vonburg, R., «Toxicology update : toluene.» Journal of Applied Toxicology. Vol. 13, no. 6, p. 441-446. (1993). [AP-042399]
  • ▲60.  McDonald, J. C. et al., «Chemical exposures at work in early pregnancy and congenital defect : a case-referent study .» British Journal of Industrial Medicine. Vol. 44, no. 8, p. 527-533. (1987). [AP-015746]
  • ▲61.  Brodeur, J., Vyskocil, A. et Viau, C., Développement d'une approche basée sur l'analyse du risque toxicologique pour déterminer un niveau acceptable d'exposition aux solvants pour la travailleuse enceinte. Projet pilote portant sur le toluène. Études et recherches / Rapport. Montréal : IRSST. (1996). R-142.   http://www.irsst.qc.ca/media/documents/PubIRSST/R-142.pdf?v=2018-10-29
    http://www.irsst.qc.ca
  • ▲62.  German Research Foundation. Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area, List of MAK and BAT values 2017 : maximum concentrations and biological tolerance values at the workplace. Report / Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area ; 53 . Weinheim : Wiley-VCH. (2017).   http://www.dfg.de
    Fiche du Centre de documentation : https://www.centredoc.cnesst.gouv.qc.ca/in/details.xhtml?id=p%3A%3Ausmarcdef_0000220649
  • ▲63.  Gospe, S.M. Jr. et Zhou, S.S., «Prenatal exposure to toluene results in abnormal neurogenesis and migration in rat somatosensory cortex.» Pediatric Research. Vol. 47, no. 3, p. 362-38. (2000). [AP-060617]
  • ▲64.  Slomianka, L. et al., «The effect of low-level toluene exposure on the developing hippocampal region of the rat : histological evidence and volumetric findings.» Toxicology. Vol. 62, p. 189-202. (1990).
  • ▲65.  Slomianka, L. et al., «Late postnatal growth in the dentate area of the rat hippocampus compensates for volumetric changes caused by early postnatal toluene exposure.» Toxicology. Vol. 74, no. 2-3, p. 203-208. (1992).
  • ▲66.  Hass, U. et al., «Developmental neurotoxicity after toluene inhalation exposure in rats.» Neurotoxicology and Teratology. Vol. 21, no. 4, p. 349-357. (1999). [ap-060811]
  • ▲67.  Hougaard, K.S. et al., «Effects of prenatal exposure to toluene on postnatal development and behavior in rats.» Neurotoxicology and Teratology. Vol. 21, no. 3, p. 241-250. (1999).
  • ▲68.  Lindemann, R., «Case report : Congenital renal tubular dysfunction associated with maternal sniffing of organic solvents.» Acta Pediatrics Scandinavia. Vol. 80, p. 882-884. (1991).
  • ▲69.  Erramouspe, J., Galvez, R. et Fischel, D.R., «Newborn renal tubular acidosis associated with prenatal maternal toluene sniffing.» Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. Vol. 28, no. 2, p. 201-204. (1996).
  • ▲70.  Taskinen, H., Lindbohm, M.L. et Hemminki, K., «Spontaneous abortions among women working in the pharmaceutical industry.» British Journal of Industrial Medicine. Vol. 43, p. 199-205. (1986). [AP-012087]
  • ▲71.  Taskinen, H. et al., «Spontaneous abortions and congenital malformations among the wives of men occupationally exposed to organic solvents.» Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health. Vol. 15, no. 5, p. 345-352. (1989). [AP-027750]
  • ▲72.  Ungvary, G. et Tatrai, E., «On the embryotoxic effects of benzene and its alkyl derivatives in mice, rats and rabbits.» Archives of Toxicology. , no. Suppl. 8, p. 425-430. (1985). [AP-013590]
  • ▲73.  Overman, D.O., «Testing for percutaneous embryotoxicity of laboratory reagents in the hamster.» Teratology. Vol. 23, no. 2, p. 56A. (1981). [AP-041416]
  • ▲74.  Sullivan, F.M., Watkins, W.J. et van der Venne, M.Th., Reproductive toxicity. Vol. 1 : Summary reviews of the scientific evidence. Vol. 1. Luxembourg : Commission of the European Communities. (1993). EUR : 14991. [RM-515100]
  • ▲75.  Jankovic, J. et Drake, F., «A screening method for occupational reproductive health risk.» American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. Vol. 57, no. 7, p. 641-649. (1996). [AP-049865]
  • ▲76.  Axelsson, G., Lütz, C. et Rylander, R., «Exposure to solvents and outcome of pregnancy in university laboratory employees.» British Journal of Industrial Medicine. Vol. 41, no. 3, p. 305-312. (1984). [AP-004021]
  • ▲77.  Da-Silva, V. A., «Neurobehavioral development of rats exposed to toluene through maternal milk.» Brazilian journal of medical and biological research. Vol. 24, p. 1239-1243. (1991). [AP-052981]
  • ▲78.  Ghantous, H. et Danielson, B. R. G., «Placental transfer and distribution of toluene, xylene and benzene, and their metabolites during gestation in mice.» Biological research in pregnancy and perinatalogy. Vol. 7, no. 3, p. 98-105. (1986). [AP-043163]
  • ▲79.  Goodwin, T. M., «Toluene abuse and renal tubular acidosis in pregnancy.» Obstetrics and Gynecology. Vol. 71, no. 5, p. 715-718. (1988). [AP-021715]
  • ▲80.  Little, B. B. et Vanbeveren, T. T., «Placental transfer of selected substances of abuse.» Seminars in perinatology. Vol. 20, no. 2, p. 147-153. (1996). [AP-050979]
  • ▲81.  Thiel, R. et Chahoud, I., «Postnatal development and behaviour of wistar rats prenatal toluene exposure.» Archives of Toxicology. Vol. 71, no. 4, p. 258-265. (1997). [AP-051582]
  • ▲82.  Yelian, F. D. et Dukelow, W. R., «Cellular toxicity of toluene on mouse gamete cells and preimplantation embryos.» Archives of Toxicology. Vol. 66, p. 443-445. (1992). [AP-042471]
  • ▲83.  Donald, J. M., Hooper, K. et Hopenhayn-Rich, C., «Reproductive and developmental toxicity of toluene : a review.» Environmental Health Perspectives. Vol. 94, p. 237-244. (1991). [AP-036200]
  • ▲84.  Jelnes, J. E., Occupational exposure limits : criteria document for toluene. Health and safety series. (1993). [MO-010214]
  • ▲85.  Loi canadienne sur la protection de l'environnement : liste des substances d'intérêt prioritaire, rapport d'évaluation : Toluène. Liste des substances prioritaires, rapport d'évaluation. (1992). [MO-002674]   http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ehp/dhm/catalogue/dpc_pubs/cepa/toluene.pdf
  • ▲86.  «Final report on the safety assessment of toluene.» Journal of the American College of Toxicology. Vol. 6, no. 1, p. 77-120. (1987). [AP-018178]
  • ▲87.  API (American Petroleum Institute), Two-generation inhalation reproduction/fertility study on a petroleum derived hydrocarbon with toluene. API Med. Res. Publ. 32-32854. (1985). [MO-011015]
  • ▲88.  Jones, H. E. et Balster, R. L., «Neurobehavioral consequences of intermittent prenatal exposure to high concentrations of toluene.» Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology. Vol. 19, no. 4, p. 305-313. (1997). [AP-052866]
  • ▲89.  Hersh, J. H., «Toluene embryopathy : two new cases.» Journal of medical genetics. Vol. 26, no. 5, p. 333-337. (1989).
  • ▲90.  Arnold, G. L. et al., «Toluene embryopathy : clinical delineation and developmental follow-up.» Pediatrics. Vol. 93, no. 2, p. 216-220. (1994). [AP-044533]
  • ▲91.  Hersh, J. H. et al., «Toluene embryopathy.» Journal of Pediatrics. Vol. 106, no. 6, p. 922-925. (1985). [AP-010900]
  • ▲92.  Wilkins-Haug, L. et Gabow, P. A., «Toluene abuse during pregnancy : obstetric complications and perinatal outcomes.» Obstetrics and Gynecology. Vol. 77, no. 4, p. 504-509. (1991). [AP-044549]
  • ▲93.  Arnold, G., Solvent abuse and developmental toxicity. Washington, D.C : Taylor & Francis. (1997). [MO-019644]
  • ▲94.  Nawrot, P. S. et Staples, R. E., «Embryofetal toxicity and teratogenicity of benzene and toluene in the mouse.» Teratology. Vol. 19, p. 41a. (1979). [AP-018943]
  • ▲95.  Ng, T. P., Cheng Foo, S. et Yoong, T., «Risk of spontaneous abortion in workers exposed to toluene.» British Journal of Industrial Medicine. Vol. 49, no. 11, p. 804-808. (1992). [AP-039427]
  • ▲96.  Luderer, U. et al., «Reproductive endocrine effects of acute exposure to toluene in men and women.» Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 56, no. 10, p. 657-666. (1999). [AP-057301]
  • ▲97.  Taskinen, H. et al., «Laboratory work and pregnancy outcome.» Journal of Occupational Medicine. Vol. 36, no. 3, p. 311-319. (1994). [AP-044090]
  • ▲98.  Jones, H. E. et Balster, R. L., «Inhalant abuse in pregnancy.» Obstetrics and Gynecology. Vol. 25, no. 1, p. 153-167. (1998). [AP-055227]
  • ▲99.  Ungvary, G. et al., «Combined embryotoxic action of toluene, a widely used industrial chemical, and acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin).» Teratology. Vol. 27, no. 2, p. 262-269. (1983). [AP-122663]
  • ▲100.  Brooker, A. J. et al., A preliminary study of the effect of toluene on pregnancy of the rat (inhalation exposure). American Petroleum Institute, Toxicology Report number TR400. Washingtonm D.C.. (1993). [MO-017470]
  • ▲101.  Ono, A. et al., «Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies of toluene. I. Teratogenicity of inhalation exposure in pregnant rats.» Journal of Toxicological Sciences. Vol. 20, no. 2, p. 109-134. (1995). [AP-048381]
  • ▲102.  Gospe, S. M. et al., «Developmental of a rat model of toluene-abuse embryopathy.» Pediatrics. Vol. 40, no. 1, p. 82-87. (1996). [AP-050820]
  • ▲103.  Roberts, L. et al., «Developemental toxicity of toluene in the rat.» Teratology. Vol. 47, no. 5, p. 434. (1993). [AP-040357]
  • ▲104.  Kawa, F. et Kudoh, T., «Effect of toluene inhalation in rats, mice, and mice offsprings.» Nippon Hoigaku Zasshi. Vol. 42, no. 2, p. 173-178. (1988). [AP-023902]
  • ▲105.  Gospe, S. M. et al., «The effects of high-dose toluene embryonic development in the rat.» Pediatric Research. Vol. 36, no. 6, p. 811-815. (1994). [AP-050832]
  • ▲106.  Shigeta, S., Aikawa, H. et Misawa, T., «Effects of maternal exposure to toluene during pregnancy on mouse embryos and fetuses.» Tokai journal of experimental and clinical medicine. Vol. 7, no. 2, p. 265-270. (1982). [AP-024242]
  • ▲107.  Courtney, K. D. et al., «A perinatal study of toluene in CD-1 mice.» Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. Vol. 6, no. 1, p. 145-154. (1986). [AP-043928]
  • ▲108.  International Programme on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria 52: Toluene. Genève : World Health Organization. (1986). EHC52. [MO-010665]   http://www.inchem.org/pages/ehc.html
  • ▲109.  Klimisch, H. J., Hellwig, J. et Hofmann, A., «Studies on the prenatal toxicity of toluene in rabbits following inhalation exposure and proposal of a pregnancy guidance value.» Archives of Toxicology. Vol. 66, no. 6, p. 373-381. (1992). [AP-037313]
  • ▲110.  Gleich, J. et Hofmann, A., Prenatal toluene inhalation toxicity studies in mice. Research report. Darmstadt : E. Merck. (1983).
  • ▲111.  Lorente, C. et al., «Maternal occupational risk factors for oral clefts.» Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health. Vol. 26, no. 2, p. 137-145. (2000). [AP-058210]
  • ▲112.  Ungvary, G. T., The possible contribution of industrial chemicals (organic solvents) to the incidence of congenital defects caused by teratogenic drugs and consumer goods. An experimental study. Prevention of physical and mental congenital defects. Part. A. The scope of the problem. NY : A. R. Liss, Inc. (1984).
  • ▲113.  Lindbohm, M.-L. et al., «Spontaneous abortions among women exposed to organic solvents.» American Journal of Industrial Medicine. Vol. 17, no. 4, p. 449-463. (1990).
  • ▲114.  Stijkel, A. et Reijnders, L., «Implementation of the precautionary principle in standards for the workplace.» Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 52, p. 304-312. (1995). [AP-047771]
  • ▲115.  Roberts, L. G., Nicolich, N. J. et Schreiner, C. A., «Developmental and reproductive toxicity evaluation of toluene vapor in the rat: II. Developmental toxicity .» Reproductive Toxicology. Vol. 23, no. 4, p. 521-531. (2007).
  • ▲116.  INRS, DEMETER : documents pour l'évaluation médicale des produits toxiques vis-à-vis de la reproduction. Paris : Institut national de recherche et de sécurité pour la prévention des accidents du travail et des maladies professionnelles. (2006).   http://www.inrs.fr/publications/bdd/demeter.html
  • ▲116.  INRS, DEMETER : documents pour l'évaluation médicale des produits toxiques vis-à-vis de la reproduction. Paris : Institut national de recherche et de sécurité pour la prévention des accidents du travail et des maladies professionnelles. (2006).   http://www.inrs.fr/publications/bdd/demeter.html
  • ▲117.  Committee for compounds toxic to reproduction, Toluene. Evaluation of the effects on reproduction, recommendation for classification. Health Council of the Netherlands (Gezondheidsraad) . (2001). No. 2001/09OSH.   https://www.gezondheidsraad.nl/sites/default/files/0109oshr.pdf
  • ▲118.  Bowen S.E. et Hanning J.H., «Binge Toluene Exposure in Pregnancy and Pre-weaning Developmental Consequence in Rats.» Neurotoxicology and Teratology. Vol. 38, p. 29-35. (2013).   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3713175/pdf/nihms469562.pdf
  • ▲119.  Bowen, S. E. et al., «Alterations in Rat Fetal Morphology Following Abuse Patterns of Toluene Exposure.» Reproductive Toxicology. Vol. 27, no. 2, p. 161-169. (2009).   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2680795/pdf/nihms89617.pdf
  • ▲120.  Warner R. et al., «The Effect of Prenatal Exposure to a Repeat High Dose of Toluene in Fetal Rat.» Reproductive Toxicology. Vol. 26, no. 3-4, p. 267-272. (2008).
  • ▲121.  Ladefoged O. et al., «Effects of Combined Prenatal Stress and Toluene Exposureon Apoptotic Neurodegeneration in Cerebellum and Hippocampus..» Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology. Vol. 94, no. 4, p. 169-176. (2004).   https://s3.amazonaws.com/objects.readcube.com/articles/downloaded/wiley/12c970ea0501f836b3943d869d9fe64fea98ac70ee4fb495d027a639c26342c3.pdf?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIS5LBPCM5JPOCDGQ%2F20170405%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20170405T174255Z&X-Amz-Expires=109024&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=a4a80fc8e33ab5321771c75d9a8c6ef8d697a624f37b0ba5f5f9b8fec436654c
  • ▲122.  Tsukahara, S. et al., «Effects of maternal toluene exposure on testosterone levels in fetal rats.» Toxicology letters. Vol. 185, no. 2, p. 79-84. (Mar. 2009). [AP-001053]
  • ▲123.  Saillenfait, A.M. et al., «Developmental toxic effects of ethylbenzene or toluene alone and in combination with butyl acetate in rats after inhalation exposure.» Journal of applied toxicology. Vol. 27, no. 1, p. 32-42. (Jan.-Feb. 2007). [AP-001054]
  • ▲124.  Bowen, S.E., Hannigan, J.H. et Cooper, P.B., «Abuse pattern of gestational toluene exposure alters behavior in rats in a "waiting-for-reward" task.» Neurotoxicology and teratology. Vol. 31, no. 2, p. 89-97. (Mar.-Apr. 2009). [AP-001056]
  • ▲125.  Bowen, S.E. et al., «Abuse pattern of gestational toluene exposure and early postnatal development in rats.» Neurotoxicology and teratology. Vol. 27, no. 1, p. 105-116. (Jan.-Feb. 2005). [AP-001057]
  • ▲126.  Barlow, S.M. et Sullivan, F.M., Reproductive hazards of industrial chemicals : an evaluation of animal and human data. London (Toronto) : Academic Press. (1982). [RM-515020]
  • ▲127.  Andersson, K. et al., «Increased amine turnover in several hypothalamic noradrenaline nerve terminal systems and changes in prolactin secretion in male rat by exposure to various concentrations of toluene.» Neurotoxicology. Vol. 4, no. 4, p. 43-55. (1983).
  • ▲128.  Michon, S., «Disturbances of menstruation in women working in an atmosphere polluted with aromatic hydrocarbons.» Polski tygodnik lekarski. . Vol. 20, p. 1648-1649. (1965). [AP-043974]
  • ▲129.  Ono, A. et al., «Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies of toluene : II. Effects of inhalation exposure on fertility in rats..» Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology. Vol. 15, no. 1, p. 9-20. (1996).
  • ▲130.  Tap, O., Solmaz, S. et Polat, S., «The effect of toluene on the rat ovary : An ultrastructural study.» Journal of Submicroscopy Cytology and Pathology. Vol. 28, no. 4, p. 553-558. (1996).
  • ▲131.  von Euler, G. et al., «Persistent effects of 80 ppm toluene on dopamine-regulated locomotor activity and prolactin secretion in the male rat.» NeuroToxicology. Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 621-624. (1994).
  • ▲132.  Suzuki, T., Kashimura, S. et Umetsu, K., «Thinner abuse and aspermia.» Medicine Science and Law. Vol. 23, no. 3, p. 199-202. (1983).
  • ▲133.  Sallmen, M. et al., «Reduced fertility among women exposed to organic solvents.» American Journal of Industrial Medicine. Vol. 27, no. 5, p. 699-713. (1995). [AP-047233]
  • ▲134.  NTP, Toxicology and carcinogernesis studies of toluene (CAS No. 108-88-3) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (inhalation studies).. National Toxicology Program, Technical report series No. 371. (1990).   https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/lt_rpts/tr371.pdf
  • ▲135.  Plenge-Böning, A. et Karemaus, W., «Exposure of toluene in the printing industry is associated with subfecundity in women but not in men.» Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 56, no. 7, p. 443-448. (1999). [AP-055350]
  • ▲136.  Andersson, K. et al., «Increased amine turnover in several hypothalamic noradrelamine nerve terminal systems and changes in prolactin secretion in the male by exposure to various concentrations of toluene.» Neurotoxicology. Vol. 4, no. 4, p. 43-56. (1983). [AP-060598]
  • ▲137.  Svensson, B.-G. et al., «Hormone status in occupational toluene exposure.» American Journal of Industrial Medicine. Vol. 22, p. 99-107. (1992).
  • ▲138.  Svensson, B.-G. et al., «Neuroendocrine effects in printing workers exposed to toluene.» British Journal of Industrial Medicine. Vol. 49, p. 402-408. (1992).
  • ▲139.  Pellizzari, E.D. et al., «Purgeable organic compounds in mother's milk.» Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Vol. 28, p. 322-328. (1982).
  • ▲140.  Fisher, J. et al., «Lactational transfer of volatile chemicals in breast milk.» American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. Vol. 58, no. 6, p. 425-431. (1997). [AP-051996]
  • ▲141.  United States Environmental Protection Agency et Office of Water, Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories. Washington. (2004).
  • ▲142.  IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Re-evaluation of some organic chemicals, hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide : part 1. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, Vol. 71. Lyon : International Agency for Research on Cancer. (1999).   https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono71.pdf http://www.iarc.fr
  • ▲143.  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, TLVs® and BEIs® : threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices. Cincinnati (OH) : ACGIH. (2024). [NO-003164]   http://www.acgih.org
  • ▲144.  McGregor, D., «The genetic toxicology of toluene.» Mutation Research. Vol. 317, no. 3, p. 213-228. (1994). [AP-045066]
  • ▲145.  Bauchinger, M. et al., «Chromosome changes in lymphocytes after occupational exposure to toluene.» Mutation Research. Vol. 102, p. 439-445. (1982). [AP-005703]
  • ▲146.  Mäki-Paakkanen, J. et al., «Toluene-exposed workers and chromosome aberrations.» Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Vol. 6, p. 775-781. (1980). [AP-022661]
  • ▲147.  Pelclova, D., Rossner, P. et Pickova, J., «Chromosome aberrations in rotogravure printing plant workers.» Mutation Research. Vol. 245, p. 299-303. (1990).
  • ▲148.  Pitarque, M. et al., «Evaluation of DNA damage by the comet assay in shoe workers exposed to toluene and other organic solvents.» Mutation Research. Vol. 441, p. 115-127. (1999).
  • ▲149.  Nise, G. et al., «Cytogenetic effects in rotogravure printers exposed to toluene (and benzene).» Mutation Research. Vol. 261, p. 217-223. (1991). [AP-127337]
  • ▲150.  Gerner-Smidt, P. et Friedrich, U., «The mutagenic effect of benzene, toluene and xylene studies by the SCE technique.» Mutation Research. Vol. 58, p. 313-316. (1978). [AP-022281]
  • ▲151.  Haglund, U., Lundberg, I. et Zech, L., «Chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in swedish paint industry workers.» Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health. Vol. 6, p. 291-298. (1980). [AP-003289]
  • ▲152.  Schmid, E., Bauchinger, M. et Hauf, R., «Chromosome changes with time in lymphocytes after occupational exposure to toluene.» Mutation Research. Vol. 142, p. 37-39. (1985). [AP-043925]
  • ▲153.  Feldt, E.G. et Zhurkov, V.S., «Study of the mutagenic effects of benzene and toluene in the mammalian somatic and germ cells.» Mutation Research. Vol. 147, p. 294. (1985). [AP-043221]
  • ▲154.  Forni, A., Pacifico, E. et Limonta, A., «Chromosome studies in workers exposed to benzene or toluene or both.» Archives of Environmental Health. Vol. 22, p. 373-378. (1971). [AP-024953]
  • ▲155.  Richer, C.-L. et al., «Cytogenetic effects of low-level exposure to toluene, xylene and their mixture on human blood lymphocytes.» International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. Vol. 64, p. 581-585. (1993). [AP-042989]
  • ▲156.  Popp, W. et al., «Investigation of the frequency of DNA strand breakage and cross-linking and sister chromatid exchange frequency in the lymphocytes of female workers exposed to benzene and toluene.» Carcinogenesis. Vol. 13, no. 1, p. 57-61. (1992). [AP-043818]
  • ▲157.  Zarani, F., Papazafiri, P. et Kappas, A., «Induction of micronuclei in human lymphocytes by organic solvents in vitro.» J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol.. Vol. 18, no. 1, p. 21-28. (1999).
  • ▲158.  Löf, A. et Johanson, G., «Toxicokinetics of organic solvents : A review of modifying factors.» Critical Reviews in Toxicology. Vol. 28, no. 6, p. 571-650. (1998).
  • ▲159.  Lataye, R. et Campo, P., «Combined effects of a simultaneous exposure to noise and toluene on hearing function.» Neurotoxicology and Teratology. Vol. 19, no. 5, p. 373-382. (1997). [AP-054795]
  • ▲160.  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, RTECS (Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances). Hamilton (Ont) : Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety.   http://ccinfoweb.ccohs.ca/rtecs/search.html
  • ▲161.  Kimura, E.T., Ebert, D.M. et Dodge, P.W., «Acute toxicity and limits of solvent residue for sixteen organic solvents .» Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 19, no. 4, p. 699-704. (1971). [AP-024765]
  • ▲162.  Carpenter, C.P. et al., «Petroleum hydrocarbon toxicity studies. XIII. Animal and human response to vapors of toluene concentrate.» Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 36, no. 3, p. 473-490. (1976).
  • ▲163.  Budavari, S. et O'Neil, M., The Merck index : an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals. 12ème éd. Rahway (N.J.) : Merck. (1996). [RM-403001]
  • ▲164.  Pozzani, U.C., Weil, C.S. et Carpenter, C.P., «The toxicological basis of threshold limit values : 5. the experimental inhalation of vapors mixtures by rats, with notes upon the relationship between single dose inhalation and single dose oral data.» American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. Vol. 20, p. 364-369. (1959). [AP-023711]
  • ▲165.  Canada. Ministère des transports, Règlement sur le transport des marchandises dangereuses. Ottawa : Éditions du gouvernement du Canada. (2014). [RJ-410222]   http://www.tc.gc.ca/fra/tmd/clair-menu-497.htm
    http://www.tc.gc.ca/tmd/menu.htm

La cote entre [ ] provient de la banque Information SST du Centre de documentation de la CNESST.